| 翻訳と辞書 |
Sea Marshal
Sea Marshal is an internationally recognized term to describe armed law enforcement officers who board, sweep, search, protect, escort, and maintain control of vessels to prevent hijacking or acts of terrorism. In the United States of America, a Sea Marshal (more recently renamed "Boarding Officer") is a federal law enforcement officer who conducts fully armed boardings of maritime vessels for purposes of ensuring the security and safety of the United States as well as the boarded ship, its cargo, and crew. Sea Marshals/Boarding Officers operate under the jurisdiction of the United States Coast Guard within the US Department of Homeland Security.
==History==
The Sea Marshal program was first created following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It was initially launched using Reservists from the Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS) in the Port of San Francisco immediately following the attacks as a temporary effort to provide port security. Sea Marshals were later deployed in the ports of Long Beach, CA and Los Angeles, CA. On the east coast, a large and very capable team of mobilized Reservists - mostly civilian police officers from the NY/NJ region - was created in the days following 9/11 to protect the Port of NY/NJ. Similar units were created in Boston, Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Hampton Roads, VA.
The Sea Marshal concept was driven by the idea of a cruise ship, cargo vessel, container ship, freighter or another large maritime vessel entering a port unsecured; a large and vulnerable target for attack, or potentially even bearing destructive intentions itself. Vessels commonly carry stowaways, and terror operatives have been discovered hidden on board vessels as recently as 2003.〔On The Waterfront, U.S. Seaports May Be The Biggest Terrorist Threats, 60 Minutes|http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/07/25/60minutes/main565180.shtml〕 Sadly, this terrorist delivery route was proven effective by the seaborne November 2008 Mumbai attacks, in India. After hijacking a fishing trawler and killing the crew to provide cover and avoid detection by the Indian Coast Guard, terrorists showed fake identification papers to Indian Coast Guard boarding officers and were allowed to continue on their way.〔http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Coast_Guard_let_off_Kuber_after_terrorists_gave_fake_I-cards/articleshow/3786023.cms〕 Terrorist teams then sailed close to the Mumbai coast and deployed in a smallboat laden with arms and explosives. Once ashore, they killed and wounded hundreds in a standoff battle that went on for four days.
In the USA, Sea Marshals were created to provide a line of defense against ports, the critical infrastructure within and underneath them, and the economic throughput of maritime industry in the United States: ports and cargo ships account for 95% of all economic trade in the country.〔U.S. Port Industry Information, American Association of Port Authorities|http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=1022&navItemNumber=901〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Sea Marshal」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|